ABSTRACT
Cybersecurity is an important element in Spanish National Security; Spain adopted a specific National Cybersecurity Strategy in 2013. The Spanish Security Strategy of 2011 included – for the first time – cyber threats and attacks among the main threats to national security (Cendoya, 2016) and the National Defence Directive of 2012 also anticipated the development of a National Cybersecurity Strategy. Clark and Oleson have pointed out the existence of three major categories of cyber operations: Computer Network Defence (CND), Computer Network Attack (CNA), and Computer Network Exploitation or Cyber Collection. Raising awareness on cyber threats, and developing the resilience capacity of the society will continue to be an important component of the response. Cyber intelligence is an important tool for supporting decision making in cybersecurity and the information flows between public institutions and practitioners in the private sector are particularly important.
