ABSTRACT
This chapter gives a clear understanding of the normal anatomy and applied physiology of the cardiac and circulatory systems and explains how altered physiology can lead to acute deterioration. An improved understanding of these principles will enhance nursing assessment and recognition of acute problems and enable an appropriate response to medical emergencies caused by cardiac and circulatory disorders. The structure and function of blood, mechanisms of clotting and the ABO and rhesus systems are outlined. The arterial and venous system, and the peripheral circulation and an understanding of common problems of the circulatory system are provided. How the nurse assesses the cardiovascular system and the identification of common problems and medical emergencies related to the cardiovascular system is provided along with information regarding how these are identified and managed. The role of haemodynamic monitoring in the assessment and management of therapies that optimise cardiac output and the functioning of the cardiovascular system is detailed.
