ABSTRACT
In 1975, 35 states adopted the Helsinki Final Act1 with the objective of ‘promoting better relations among themselves and ensuring conditions in which their people can live in true and lasting peace free from any threat to or attempt against their security’.2 It put in place a mechanism to convene a series of summits between participating states to discuss the matters under its remit — the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (‘CSCE’).3 That system of conferences evolved over time to become the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (‘OSCE’) — the subject matter of this chapter.
