ABSTRACT
Small local associations were in existence, which were loosely federated to the Amalgamated Boot and Shoe Makers’ Association, more frequently known as the Amalgamated Cordwainers’ Association. Most of the boot production at that time was made up in the homes of the operatives. The uppers and bottom material were given out to riveters in quantities of up to two dozen pairs, who lasted, attached, riveted and heeled the boots, and then returned them to the workshop. Then the boots were again given out to Finishers, who completed the operations and returned the finished article to the workshop ready for despatch. From a hand home craft, to which considerable technical pride and skill was given, the production of boots and shoes has become one of the most highly mechanised industrial occupations. Departmental shop-stewards exist in most factories and this not only ensures maximum membership but reduces violation of the industrial conditions to a minimum.
