ABSTRACT
With reference to over 20 European countries, this chapter briefly maps the present-day settlement of Sikh populations and the consequent establishment of gurdwaras. Sikh communities’ differing migration trajectories are indicated, and mention is made of earlier (including nineteenth century) contact between Sikhs and Europeans. Consideration is paid to the uncertainty of population figures and to the diversity of Europe’s Sikh populations in terms of legal status, level of education, and type of employment, as well as the varying nation-specific legal restrictions on, for example, wearing turbans. Minorities receiving a mention include European converts to Sikhism, Afghan Sikhs (many being political refugees), and Ravidasis, who increasingly identify as a distinct religious community. Illustrations are given of generational change (especially a shift from unskilled to professional employment and changing language proficiency) and of Europe’s impact on, for example, the running of gurdwaras and conduct of life cycle rites.
