ABSTRACT
This chapter argues that the links between nationality and citizenship can be overstated, though, at the same time, there are problems in the attempt to add a European dimension to the rights of citizenship. It discusses two main parts which includes the development of formal legal, social and political rights in the European Union and the growth of Community competence in the social field, particularly through the use of 'soft' law designed to reduce social exclusion. The chapter analyzes competing claims about the significance of the idea and practice of European citizenship. It also argues that, even though formal rights can be construed as cosmetic, it should not be overlooked that they rest on a breach with state-based understandings of citizenship; that is, place of residence, not nationality exclusively, is becoming a trigger for the exercise of rights.
