ABSTRACT
During the 1990s, the related issues of citizenship and identity have become two of the most widely debated topics in the social sciences.1 Nowhere are they more clearly on the agenda than in Europe. Some of their ramifications apply more to Western Europe, others primarily to Central and Eastern Europe (hereafter CEE), while a third group clearly relates to both, and to the interactions of what are still, in many ways, two Europes.
