ABSTRACT

Despite the important pool of academic work on middle powers, scholars have yet to agree on a definition of the concept or on the characteristics that determine middle powers. Four approaches have been favoured in the field so far: functional, material (capabilities), normative or behavioural. These four perspectives however lack further integration; in addition, they overlook systemic impact, geopolitical realities, domestic characteristics and status. These limitations in the conceptual development of middle power underline the increasing complexity of the international system and the involvement of new non-Western actors. Hence, so far, the definition of middle power remains impregnated with a Western paradigm: the confrontation between States with the same political, cultural and ideological concepts. This chapter endeavours to surpass this Western approach by developing a new definition, valid for both traditional (Western) middle powers and non-traditional or emerging (non-Western) middle powers.