ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses on the phenomena that foster chronic behavioural and cognitive processes, which in Transactional Analysis are referred to as "passivity". Central to these issues is the mechanism called "discounting", through which people unconsciously ignore certain aspects of themselves, others, and the world around them. The concepts of "discounting" and "redefining" in psychoanalysis are examples of defence mechanisms. The Cathexis model of psychotherapy was typically carried out in residential community formats or intensive groups, meeting for several days. Another interesting development was the criticism of the anti-psychiatry movement of both psychiatry and psychoanalysis. Theodore Lidz was a psychoanalytically trained psychiatrist who devoted much of his career to the study and treatment of psychosis and schizophrenia. D. W. Winnicott worked with patients in schizoid and psychotic states in the setting of a one-on-one psychoanalytic practice. Concepts of the schizophrenogenic mother developed within psychoanalytic and family systems models between the 1940s into the early 1970s.
