ABSTRACT
A most critical contribution to clinical psychoanalysis is M. F. Basch's rediscovery of the psychological defense of disavowal and its distinction from denial. Other psychopathologies have become the study of intensive biological studies with psychological implications. Psychoanalysts were sufficiently interested in the neurophysiological basis of memory to invite the neuroscientist E. R. Kandel, who won the Albert Lasker Award for Medical Research in 1983, and the Nobel Prize in 2000, to report on his findings at a plenary session of the American Psychoanalytic Association. Successful neuropsychoanalytic bridging should assist the search for better psychoanalytic models, just as psychoanalytic perspectives have intelligently guided neuroscientific research from the beginning. Psychoanalysis is changing so as to take into account the explosion of knowledge within neuroscience. The increasing knowledge of mind–brain is leading to a convergence of all the fields that study human behavior and experience, and some overarching, general theories that begin to approximate a general psychology are emerging.
