ABSTRACT
Philosophers, theologians, and thinkers from the most ancient times down to the present have been preoccupied with man's inner nature and often used such terms as "soul" and "spirit" as well as "conscious" and "unconscious" and even the "unknown". The personalness or subjectivity of the now submerged second consciousness disappeared in Freud's oeuvre and became instead the System Ucs., which later became the home for what Freud would call, following Nietzsche and Groddeck, the "id". Klein, while a steadfast proponent of the concept of the internal world, paradoxically laid the groundwork for the externality as well as the internality of the unconscious in her conceptualization of projective identification. In The Republic and elsewhere in his Dialogues, Plato changes the contemporaneous Greek notion of "the gods" into "God" as the supreme arbiter of "Justice". Although Freud made brief but sparse mention of Kant, it was not until Bion's seminal works that Kant's role in psychoanalytic epistemology became manifest.
