ABSTRACT

Ferroelectricity is not in principle different; it is merely a lower crystal symmetry that involves formation of a polarity broken inversion symmetry. In the laser there is a local, microscopic broken symmetry, which in condensation process is driven by an external pumping mechanism rather than being a consequence of thermodynamic equilibrium. Liquid crystals in the nematic phase exhibit a broken local rotational symmetry. Landau suggested also the consequence that second-order phase transitions could only occur between phases of different symmetry. An attempt at a low-energy configuration may be made by simply piling all the boxes of n atoms together and removing the interior walls. Matter at sufficiently high temperatures is in the gaseous state, and at even higher temperatures the molecules dissociate and the atoms ionize the sun is mostly a locally homogeneous and isotropic gaseous mixture of its elementary components.