ABSTRACT
Mexican sociologist Raúl Béjar Navarro has shown that studies seeking to prove that there is a unique Mexican "character" are largely impressionistic and unscientific. Civilization was already ancient by the time the Aztecs came into the Valley of Mexico in the thirteenth century. From the first year of Spanish colonialism, the overplowing, overgrazing, deforestation, and desertification that have continued to plague Mexico. Spain's wars in Europe meant more taxes in Mexico, more "forced loans" to the crown, and confiscation of Church charitable funds. Spain, after years of war, had no alternative but to agree to Mexican independence. United States attitudes toward Mexico and Mexicans were highly derogatory, even racist—especially after the war with Texas. The French troops were then reinforced, and they began to march toward Mexico City. In February of 1911, Madero returned to Mexico and took command of the revolutionary army.
