This chapter discusses the diversity of European women's and feminist movements and how they have been shaped by historical, political, and cultural forces. It needs to be kept in mind that the European Union (EU) is not identical with Europe. The chapter presents national and regional differences in women's movements. It surveys transnational opportunity structures and networks. The chapter discusses "market feminism" and women's responses to austerity measures. It argues that contemporary European women's movements can only be understood in the context of European history and the variety of gender and welfare regimes. Women's movements in Southern European countries such as Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Greece have been shaped by three factors: agricultural economies, authoritarian regimes, and the strong influence of the Catholic and Orthodox Churches. EU accession benefited women's organizations in Central and Eastern Europe, as it forced candidate countries to adopt equal opportunity policies through top-down reforms.