ABSTRACT
Since the publication of my work on integrative theory, it has been found that the most general theorizing on violence is one-dimensional. It is usually focused on the individual and interpersonal nature of violence to the relative exclusion of the institutional and structural natures of violence and nonviolence, and much less to the interplay between these three spheres of violence. Derived from an extension of the same logic used by the more traditional integrative, pathway, and multidimensional theories, the reciprocal theory of violence and nonviolence adds to the interpersonal relations by incorporating the institutional and structural relations that can reinforce or diminish violence and nonviolence. Each of the three integrative and overlapping domains of violence and nonviolence interact within the dialectics between adversarialism and mutualism that universally intersects virtually all individuals, groups, and nation-states alike.
