ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses on primarily on the Jewish element of the pro-Israel lobby, although the growing role of evangelical Christians. The United States had replaced Europe as the central political arena for the Zionist movement outside Palestine, and American Jews were at the forefront of the movement. The clearest and most significant manifestation of a resurgence of left-wing Jewish activism after the second Intifada was the formation of J Street, the selfdescribed "pro-peace, pro-Israel movement", in April 2008. The wave of suicide terrorist attacks unleashed against Israeli civilians in the early years of the Intifada turned back the clock on pro-Israel activism in the United States. The chapter has charted the rise of the pro-Israel lobby from its humble origins over a century ago to its current composition of many different groups competing to shape US foreign policy toward Israel and define the meaning of being "pro-Israel".
