ABSTRACT
This chapter shows that substantively weighted analytical techniques (SWAT) of substantively weighted least squares with an exogenous weight variable and extends the SWAT process to more than one weight variable. It provides a general way to deal with multiple goals and uses both equity and effectiveness as weight variables. The historical trade-of between equity and excellence raises a serious concern about the more recent educational reforms of the 1980s and 1990s. A model of educational performance using a set of Texas school districts will be constructed. Districts can perform well on the standard measures of educational performance without creating a tracked system that provides good-quality education to some students at the expense of others. School systems are no different from other complex organizations in their approach to goals and goal conflict. The United States education system has often emphasized excellence for the few at the expense of equity for others.
