This chapter considers various historical, political and cultural factors and the role of education in the Basques’ effort to re-establish their cultural identity. It presents an overview of the Spanish national educational system, followed by a consideration of the special features in the implementation of that system in the Basque Autonomous Community. The chapter considers issues in the educational system of the Basque Autonomous Community from the perspectives of quality of provision, the appropriateness of the curriculum, the training of professional teaching staff, students and parents; as well as the larger issues affecting control of this system by different tiers of governmental authority. At the time of the establishment of the Basque Autonomous Community, the Department of Education and Culture in Vitoria was created. Education is a major preoccupation of both the regional and the central governments. Educational decisions are made on national and regional levels as well as individual territorial and even municipal levels.