ABSTRACT
A new transnational racism developed during the so-called refugee crisis with its peak in 2015. Far-right protagonists are drawing a threatening scenario of a Muslim migration that will replace a supposedly all-white and all-Christian European culture. The smoke of pyrotechnics is in the air. People chant and wave flags. The anti-refugee campaigns in Europe are, people argue, best understood as part of larger political practices by the far-right. Ultras and hooligans did not only display their worldview in the stadiums, they also gathered for the fight on the streets, thereby allowing right-wing politicians to enter public spaces that otherwise would not have been available or at least would have been more contested, for instance, by counter-demonstrators. Ultras and hooligans opened space for right-wing politicians in several European countries. Racism and anti-racism in football fan cultures have been the subject of academic inquiry in various cases.
