ABSTRACT
This chapter explores how the information ecosystem has helped in shaping such violence. It follows Benkler, Faris and Roberts's concept of information disorders. The chapter discusses the umbilical role that information disorders and the information ecosystem at large have played in the deep mediatisation of the extreme right. Rather than attempting to be complete or exhaustive, the chapter looks at the three most pervasive information disorders used by the extreme right: 'fake news' and propaganda, memes and memetic warfare, and digital platforms. One common characteristic of extreme-right memes is the ‘anomalous juxtaposition’, putting incongruous images together to make the message absurd or provocative. Besides the contents and forms of the communicative artefacts such as fake news and memes, the concept of information disorders also refers to the broader role of the ecosystem. Most research about the extreme right has taken either a theoretical approach or a quantitative perspective mainly aimed at the sources.
