ABSTRACT
The earliest representatives of the major groups of animals and plants are complex organisms. They are separated by structural gaps from the members of other groups. As long as the gaps remain unbridged by a series of fossils grading between one group and another, 210one may conclude that the ancestral types of the groups are specially created and not descended from other living types. Within the orders and families, there appears to have been descent with modification as in the series of horses.
