ABSTRACT
Pakistan holds a key position in South Asia, both strategically and economically. Amidst the discussion on mutual strengthening of the region in terms of social and economic development and strained relationships with its neighbours, an important aspect has been overlooked in the mainstream geopolitical discussion: environmental security, particularly in the transboundary context and shared resources. In addition to a declining and shared natural resource base, air pollution has emerged as a major issue in the region including Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Nepal. During 2016 and 2017, the city of Lahore and the plains of the Punjab were engulfed by thick smog as a result of the agricultural residue burning in India. In light of this situation, the chapter attempts to explore the major environmental concerns and transboundary challenges faced by South Asia with a particular emphasis on water and air pollution in Pakistan. The possibility of a rise in tension between nuclear nations is also discussed in light of these environmental threats, given the possible link between environmental challenges and security. Further, the role of climate change is discussed in exacerbating environmental and consequently regional security issues.
