Learning-Oriented Assessment

This chapter explores the concept of learning-oriented assessment (LOA) when applied to language learning. The origins of the LOA concept are discussed, and recent developments are placed within wider historical and geographical contexts. The challenge is to link all types of language assessment into a coherent model that values learning processes and learning outcomes. A case is made for a systemic model, linking macro-level policies to micro-level educational contexts, and it is argued that digital technology provides transformative opportunities to create successful ecosystems of learning. Improving language assessment literacy in teacher education will be essential to achieve this.