ABSTRACT
Chapter 18 explores mitigation efforts against illicit Chinese technology transfer activities, focusing primarily on the US but also looking at Australia and Europe. It discusses CoCom, which transitioned to the Wassenaar Arrangement after the end of the Cold War, and outlines current, legal frameworks for export controls. It discusses past Presidential initiatives such as the Obama Administration’s Export Control Reform Initiative and the “naming and shaming” of cyber espionage actors. The chapter concludes by analyzing Trump Administration policies including upgrading CFIUS to FIRRMA, regulatory calls for scrutiny of China’s talent programs, and the re-prioritization of enforcement by the Department of Justice’s China Initiative. Internationally, mitigation efforts are uneven. In Australia, sometimes described as a global leader against CPC political influencing, work on technology transfer is unfinished. Mitigation efforts in Europe lag further behind, broadly following some US export controls, and with a new high-tech investment control mechanism, but lacking political screening mechanisms or practical support for research and academia.
