ABSTRACT
Immediately before World War II, approximately 20,000 people were sent from Indochina to France as workers. The French government tried to control them and utilise their labour force. After the war, the government, anxious about their expanding anticolonial movements, sought swift repatriation. However, following the escalation of the Indochina War, achieving smooth repatriation proved difficult. By interacting with French society and the union movement during their stay in France, the workers had learned several ‘methods’ through which to articulate their objections to colonial rule, which led some of them to join the Viet Minh following their return to the homeland.
