ABSTRACT
The commonly perceived risks to girls from violence and early sexual debut in urban slums, compounded by the social and physical challenges of managing menstruation in situations of limited privacy and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services, and where modesty and secrecy may be prioritized by parents and guardians over girls’ basic physiological needs, can undermine building the capabilities necessary for female empowerment and transforming gender relations among younger generations. Children currently account for roughly one quarter of urban residents globally, many migrating to the city alongside family members or independently in search of employment, education, and other opportunities perceived to be on offer in urban centres. Adolescence represents a ‘pivotal’ life stage in respect of the speed and scope of physical transformations associated with puberty, as well as individual cognitive, emotional and social development.
