ABSTRACT
This chapter starts with the historical background of higher education development in Bahrain in terms of the number of universities, literacy rates and dynamics in gross student enrollment ratio. Then it discusses the higher education budget expenditures and research and development. Also, the quality assurance and internationalization of higher education and teaching efficiency (number of academic staff in tertiary education and pupil-teacher ratio) of universities are highlighted. The chapter also provides an overview of research productivity of universities in Bahrain. Finally, the chapter discloses the current challenges for research development in the Higher Education and Training Index emphasizing the problem of retracted publications.
