ABSTRACT
The possibility of imposing sanctions, while perhaps not absolutely essential, constitutes a most important feature of any international control system. However, the implementation of effective sanctions is a most difficult international enterprise. A nuclear control system culminating in sanctions comprises several elements: (a) the assumption by or the imposition on states of obligations not to proliferate and to cooperate with the control system, and safeguards to check on compliance with these obligations; (6) decision-making organs to determine whether violations have occurred and what the reactions to these violations should be; (c) sanctions, and (d) procedures and formulae for distributing the resulting costs. Several of these elements become simpler or more effective if the control is exercised in respect of the national part of a partially internationalized fuel cycle. In particular, the effectiveness of nuclear sanctions, against which a nuclearly autarkic state may be able to shield itself, can be greatly enhanced if part of the fuel cycle the state depends on is internationalized. Also the cost of imposing sanctions, which may be a substantial deterrent to the international community when faced with a nuclearly xxvself-sufficient state, will be much reduced in respect of states dependent on international facilities.
