ABSTRACT
Concepts of learning and memory are fragile entities. When memory was in the process of becoming a scientific discipline, Wilhelm Wundt and Hermann Ebbinghaus quarreled about what memory was and what it was not. The basic issue was conceptual in nature, although the real disagreement was about whether memory could be studied by means of experimental methods or not. One obvious distinction to make when taking cultural aspects into account regarding learning and memory is that between societies with an oral culture and societies whose culture is primarily written. The ability to learn and utilize information that is stored in memory is fundamental for the survival of humans and other animals. The distinction between cognition and behavior is fundamental when trying to outline a landscape of basic concepts in learning and memory. The term “learning” designates the concept of learning, which refers to the process by which humans and other animals acquire knowledge and skills, and form habits.
