ABSTRACT
This chapter investigates the implications of the interlinking of the Singapore state’s security agenda with that of civil society in light of the severe challenges posed by globalisation for societal cohesion and the ability of nation-states and civil society to respond. Globalisation brings with it not just economic disruption and backlash through the rise of protectionism and nationalist populism but also the fragmentation of identities and spread of violent extremist beliefs that can generate security concerns. The globalisation of terrorism, notably the 9/11 attacks on the United States and worldwide recruitment of fighters and self-radicalised supporters by Islamic State (IS), ranks among the most pressing security threats today. How can civil society respond to such trans-national risks? What has been its role in counter-radicalisation and its relationship with governments and state security agencies? In responding to these threats, states like Singapore are also distributing the responsibility for countering security threats to civil society groups as part of their civic duty. Among issues of concern in this paper are responsibility and public expectations of the state’s hitherto dominant role in providing security, as well as the repercussions that collaboration may have for civil society. In cooperating with the state, civil society actors may paradoxically damage their credibility in the eyes of those they wish to serve, a point that Singaporean leaders have themselves recognised. Besides the “external” global drivers of radicalisation, this chapter argues that paying attention to “internal” factors such as injustice, resentment and marginalisation is equally important. While surveillance and community vigilance have been emphasised in the state security agenda, other preventive measures undertaken by civil society, from better integration of marginalised individuals, and grassroots education and counselling, to social enterprises and youth-oriented programmes may further enhance community resilience.
