ABSTRACT
This chapter reevaluates the origins of the African American feminist tradition of science fiction and future fiction. It focuses on the experimental literary challenges to race and gender oppression articulated by Frances E. W. Harper, Pauline E. Hopkins, and Lillian B. Horace. The formal and thematic continuities that emerge from their works offer compelling interpretive tools to appreciate their insurgent force and to foreground the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Black feminist roots of contemporary Afrofuturism.
