ABSTRACT
This chapter traces the history of three “Pan-Movements” in the interwar years: Pan-Africanism, Pan-Islamism, and Pan-Asianism. Pan-Movements arose toward the end of the nineteenth century and had clear political and intellectual agency in co-constituting the history of both World Wars. These movements articulated powerful political and ideological alternatives to the liberal world order dominated by the West and can therefore be understood as sites of anticolonial and antiracist worldmaking. At the same time, they were shaped by constitutive contradictions, for example between elite and non-elite interests, and between nationalist (and often sub-imperial) accumulation of power and more horizontal conceptions of transnational solidarity. The chapter analyzes the interwar history of these movements from the vantage point of Ethiopia and India, especially through the internationalist ties they both built with Japan in these years.
