ABSTRACT
Biological monitoring can be effective in estimating the internal dose; however, other effects can occur in the body which may be a response to the exposure but could also relate to other influences. While the prime objective of biological monitoring is to determine whether individuals are at an increased risk of experiencing adverse health effects, its use can fulfil functions, such as determining whether a particular chemical is a mandated regulatory limit. The theoretical pathway from occupational exposure to a chemical to the development of disease can happen by exposure via all absorption routes. Health monitoring is the assessment of the workers’ health status by clinical, biochemical, imaging or instrumental testing to detect any clinically relevant, occupationally dependent change of a single worker’s health. Exhaled air can be used for some volatile organic compounds; however, if the chemical is quickly metabolised in the blood then exhaled air is suitable and urine or blood may be a more appropriate sample.
