ABSTRACT
This conclusion presents some closing thoughts on the concepts covered in the preceding chapters of this book. The book presents various cases and organizations that shed new light on the thickness and depth of cooperation underway in diverse Arctic governance mechanisms. While sub-national actors are mostly involved in low politics issues, the COVID-19 pandemic is a reminder that these concerns can produce enormous consequences on societies. Limited capacities and resources can be added to constitutional constraints in hampering paradiplomatic activism. The Arctic governance infrastructure presents non-sovereign actors with a few opportunities but also strong constraints. Participation at the Arctic Council is dependent on sovereign state willingness to include non-state actors. The role played by sub-national actors in other region-building initiatives would represent an intriguing comparative analysis. In particular, the development of paradiplomacy as part of the region-building project in Europe is worth investigating and comparing with insights on Arctic paradiplomacy.
