ABSTRACT
Organizational tools include a broad range of governing arrangements which rely on the government’s ownership of and control over physical, fiscal and human personnel resources to produce desired goods and services to facilitate the achievement of policy goals. While policymakers can conceive and use hundreds of specific substantive policy tools, scholars have tried to facilitate their understanding by classifying them under a few broad categories. The “government employees” employed in line departments are typically civil or public servants. Some public enterprises can raise and borrow money on their own authority while others are limited in their sphere of independence and must seek funding or permission to borrow from governments.
