ABSTRACT
The essence of rakugo, traditional Japanese comic storytelling, has changed little over time. It still possesses three parts: makura, hondai and ochi, i.e., introduction, story proper and punchline. While the second and third have received considerable scholarly attention, makura (lit. pillows) have received little. Technically the art can do without them—particularly if the storyteller is not performing live (e.g., rakugo in print and other media). Nevertheless, the art was crafted to be presented to a live audience and continues to thrive in this format and for this purpose makura are vital. They allow rakugoka (storytellers) to present topical material that ties into the hondai, to elucidate potentially difficult subject matter, to “feel out” the audience and establish rapport. Not only is a strong start important but it is also customary to establish common ground with the audiences. Since many present-day audiences view rakugo as “traditional”, therefore abstruse, rakugoka today want to provide listeners with context and confidence that they possess the knowledge needed to enjoy rakugo. Makura thus serve to whet appetites and to put the audience at ease. Examples of makura are discussed, highlighting nine primary functions that, now as in the past, contribute to the success of the art of rakugo.
