ABSTRACT
Research on internationalization of higher education and on unintended consequences of internationalization is multifaceted and complex. The Unintended Consequences Framework shows that the vitality of internationalization of higher education (IHE) is contingent on knowledge of the multifaceted complexities of IHE, which includes seeing how both intended and unintended consequences over time facilitate, truncate, or change internationalization efforts. The field of IHE is grounded in the use of rationales and global imaginaries. The goal to internationalize can have unintended consequences of internationalization that enables innovation through revenue generation as in Canada, Latvia, the UAE, and Zimbabwe. In Canada, reinvention of national equity-based policies supports social-justice curricula. In several countries, national policies ground centralized Higher Education Internationalisation programmatic efforts in mobility, curricula, English as lingua franca, and incoming visiting faculty. Several of the case studies show that a centralized government system creates laws/policies that truncate or that foster internationalization.
