ABSTRACT
This chapter examines types of uncertainty in the context of disinformation but also more broadly in the realm of international politics. It brings together theoretical insights from the fields of International Relations, psychology, sociology, neuroscience, and organisational studies, and identify 11 types of uncertainty, including negative (ambiguity, fear, indeterminacy, ignorance, risk probability), neutral (ambivalence, delay) and positive (opportunity, knowledge, growth, inevitability). The chapter discusses implications for assessing the impact of uncertainty generated by disinformation, and the value of understanding the complexity of types of uncertainty for international diplomacy, negotiations, and conflict resolution.
