ABSTRACT
Drawing on the KGB training manuals, this chapter highlights Soviet active measures not only as foreign intelligence tradecraft but as the embodiment of the counterintelligence nature of the Soviet security and intelligence agencies, in which the KGB defended the regime from internal and external threats. It thus examines active measures from the viewpoints of “external counterintelligence” and “intelligence from the territory.” It also addresses how active measures were closely coordinated with the overt foreign policies, focusing on the period of perestroika.
