ABSTRACT
Evolution and development constantly reuse—co-opt—existing structures and mechanisms for new purposes. This basic tenet motivates the declarative/procedural (DP) model. The model posits that two learning and memory brain circuits that pre-date humans—declarative and procedural memory—have been coopted for language. Both circuits are well-understood from animal and human studies, leading to numerous testable predictions for language that can substantially advance our understanding of this domain. This chapter focuses on the model’s neurobiological predictions for second language. The chapter first describes the two learning and memory circuits and their interactions, and lays out ensuing predictions for language. Relevant neurobiological evidence is then reviewed, with a focus on evidence from electrophysiological (event-related potential), neuroimaging, and neurological (lesion) studies. The review reveals that the evidence is largely consistent with the predictions of the DP model. Finally, future directions are discussed.
