ABSTRACT
Neurostimulation, or stimulation of the nervous system, is a category of methods that modulate neural activity and can be used to investigate and enhance L2 learning and processing. This chapter reviews multiple methods of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), and transcutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS). Following a brief history of these non-invasive methods to examine cognition, their use and potential in the investigation of L2 learning and processing is discussed, including experimental paradigms, example studies, and advantages and disadvantages of specific techniques. The chapter concludes by discussing future directions for NIBS methods in the investigation of L2.
