ABSTRACT
As traditionally more accomplished managers of feeling in private life, women more than men have put emotional labor on the market, and they know more about its personal costs. Any functioning society makes effective use of its members’ emotional labor. In general, lower-class and working-class people tend to work more with things and middle-class and upper-class people tend to work more with people. More working women than men deal with people as a job. Thus, there are both gender patterns and class patterns to the civic and commercial use of human feeling. Feeling rules are standards used in emotional conversation to determine what is rightly owed and owing in the currency of feeling. Certain social conditions have increased the cost of feeling management. In short, when the transmutation works, the worker risks losing the signal function of feeling.
