ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses on key elements of “what works” in correctional programming, reviewing the extant research through the lens of the risk-need-responsivity (RNR) model and prioritizing findings from quantitative reviews and recent developments in research and practice. Meta-analyses broadly support matching service intensity to risk level, although the evidence for dosage protocols is limited without attention to program content and mode of service delivery. Correctional programs targeting criminogenic need emphasizing skills acquisition yield the largest net effects for recidivism reduction across program foci and justice populations. Further, programs that employ a responsive and individualized style of service delivery yield greater client retention, decreased attrition, and improved treatment outcome. The RNR principles, however, are only as good as their implementation, and attention to treatment integrity and implementation of evidence-based practice is critical to achieving positive program outcomes. We conclude with a series of recommendations stemming from the literature intended to serve as an action-oriented summary of solutions that can be implemented in the field to strengthen correctional programming initiatives.
