ABSTRACT
Carceral sanctions are used frequently in the United States, with average lengths of imprisonment lasting approximately 3 years. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the complex needs of incarcerated individuals as well as emerging research on crime-producing aspects of the incarceration experience. We also outline a number of evidence-based correctional practices that are important to increasing rehabilitative effects and reducing iatrogenic consequences. These policies include attention to the principles of risk, need, and responsivity (RNR); use of core correctional practices; and implementation of policies that reduce dehumanizing conditions of confinement. We encourage future research that targets meaningful declines in carceral population sizes, assessment and implementation of policies designed to reduce sentencing disparities tied to race and social class, and identification of efforts that would assist with the retainment of humanity during sanctioning.
