ABSTRACT
Since 2nd August 2021, French citizens renewing their identity card have received a card which features titles in both French and English. The vehemence with which this was met on social media reveals how the English language is seen by some French nationals: words such as ‘imperialism,’ ‘submission,’ or even ‘invasion’, show it to be the language of an enemy, something to resist. This chapter shows that while this territorialised model of competing languages and cultures dominates language learning in France, it no longer adequately accounts for the social reality learners face in a globalised and hyperconnected world.
