ABSTRACT
This chapter concludes this volume by highlighting the need for arms control given that, as military competition in outer space rapidly accelerates, a growing number of states are developing both policies and technical capabilities that treat outer space itself as a domain of warfare. Governance has not kept pace. There are few mechanisms in place to prevent crisis escalation and almost none to avoid harmful destruction in this sensitive and critical environment. Focused on the United States and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), this chapter reviews the latest military doctrines and strategies to manage the risks posed by this shift toward active warfighting in space, including deterrence, resilience, norms of behavior, and active defenses in outer space. Missing from these strategies are formal arms control and other military restrictions in outer space, which this chapter argues are essential to maintaining peace and security in outer space.
