ABSTRACT
It's often claimed that punishment has an expressive dimension and sometimes that the expressive dimension of punishment explains how punishment can be justified. But there is a variety of kinds of expression and a number of different things that punishment might be taken to express. Anyone who wants to defend expressivism needs to say something about what punishment expresses and who it expresses it to. In this chapter, I approach these issues by starting out from a question which has received much less discussion in the expressivist tradition: namely, who is the subject of penal expression?
