Yakut

Yakut is a Northeastern Turkic language spoken in Siberia. A special characteristic of the Yakut vowel system is that, in addition to the typical eight short Turkic vowels, it contains eight long vowels and also four mid-high diphthongs. In 1962, new spelling rules were introduced, though without successfully solving the question of how Russian loanwords should be written in Yakut. New rules introduced in 2002 and later in 2015 recommended the spelling of Russian loanwords according to their pronunciation in Yakut. Consequently, the new normative rules authorized the use of only conventionalized Russian loanwords that had been accommodated to Yakut phonology and morphology. Since Yakut lacks a genitive case, the subject of a relative clause is unmarked for case. Pronouns are much more frequently used in Yakut than in most other Turkic languages, e.g. Turkish. The tendency toward voiceless initial obstruents is strongest in Altay and Abakan Turkic.