ABSTRACT
In a world of circulating cultures, people, and diasporic loyalties via money, media and migration, some of the inherent paradoxes of national citizenship, have become more visible. National citizenship is traditionally characterized by strong norms of membership. There are two sets of literature that point to the emerging strength of weak citizenship and appear to resolve the paradoxes of national citizenship: cosmopolitan citizenship and post-national membership. Traditionally, strong membership based on blood and the soil with perpetual allegiance to the sovereign nation has been a defining feature of citizenship, a feature that continued through the Cold War when dual citizenship and national security were seen in opposition to each other. One of the most recognizable mutations in citizenship occurred with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which added an entirely different dimension to the idea of membership. The gradual disappearance of the fixed basket of rights may be understood in terms of the growing strength of weak citizenship.
