ABSTRACT
This conclusion presents some closing thoughts on the concepts covered in the preceding chapters of this book. The book discusses the social movement theories to the MENA region in order to study the so-called Arab Spring. The protests that took place in the public space in these countries were part of a longstanding and already normalized struggle against state repression perpetrated for decades in these authoritarian regimes. In particular, alternative forms of contentious actions emerged as a number of fragile and diverse social movements were able to mobilize a growing number of activists and ordinary citizens. The political involvement in Turkish party politics and parliament of the HDP is another good example of a recent left-wing social movement in the region that grew in the aftermath of popular uprisings. In both Tunisia and Egypt, subalterns were paramount in the formation of popular mobilizations calling for human and social rights, minimum wages, and social justice.
